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Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is a set of reconstructive surgical procedures that alter typically male facial features to bring them closer in shape and size to typical female facial features. FFS can include various bony and soft tissue procedures such as brow lift, rhinoplasty, cheek implantation, and lip augmentation though the term "FFS" is generally not regarded to include facial hair removal. Faces contain secondary sex characteristics that make male and female faces readily distinguishable. "Typically, females have a more pointed chin and less nasal prominence than males. Additionally, females have a less angular nasal tip.... The forehead is quite different in males from females, particularly the areas of the brows and the mid-forehead, and the shape of the skull affects the drape and contour of the skin. Changing the shape of the skull will assist in changing one feature from distinctly male to female."〔Stan Monstrey, Gennaro Selvaggi and Peter Ceulemans. Surgery: Male-to-Female Patient, Principles of Transgender Medicine and Surgery 105, 111 (Randi Ettner, et al. eds., 2007)〕 For many transgender women, FFS is medically necessary to treat gender dysphoria.〔World Professional Association for Transgender Health. (WPATH Clarification on Medical Necessity of Treatment, Sex Reassignment, and Insurance Coverage in the U.S.A. ) (2008).〕〔World Professional Association for Transgender Health. ''(Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People, Version 7. )'' pg. 58 (2011).〕 It can be just as important or even more important than genital forms of sex reassignment surgery (SRS) in reducing gender dysphoria and helping trans women integrate socially as women. Studies have shown that the mental health-related quality of life for trans women who have had FFS is significantly higher than for trans women who have not had FFS. While most FFS patients are transsexual women, some cisgender women who feel that their faces are too masculine will also undergo FFS. FFS is occasionally sought by cross-dressers and drag queens. FFS techniques are derived from maxillofacial and reconstructive surgery as well as general plastic and cosmetic surgery. Douglas Ousterhout pioneered what is now called FFS during the 1980s and 1990s in the U.S.A. There are only a small number of surgeons globally who specialise in FFS. ==Surgical procedures== Here is a list of the surgical procedures most frequently performed during FFS and the reasoning behind them: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Facial feminization surgery」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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